铁皮石斛PRC2复合体成员的鉴定及对胁迫响应的表达分析

为了探讨PRC2复合体在铁皮石斛生长发育和胁迫响应中的功能,通过生物信息学方法筛选了铁皮石斛PRC2核心成员DcCLF、DcSWN、DcEMF2、DcFIE和DcMSI1,借助酵母双杂交技术分析了它们之间的互作关系,利用半定量PCR分析了PRC2核心成员的组织表达谱,通过荧光定量PCR检测了它们对非生物胁迫(低温、高温、脱水)和病害胁迫(齐整小核菌、灰葡萄孢霉菌)的响应情况。结果表明,铁皮石斛PRC2复合体包含5个成员:E(z)同源基因DcCLF和DcSWN、Su(z)12基因DcEMF2、ESC基因DcFIE、p55基因DcMSI1,且这5个成员间的互作关系基本符合模式植物的互作模式,也存在物种特异性,表明PRC2复合体在进化中既有保守性也有特殊性。PRC2核心成员在铁皮石斛根、茎、叶、花蕾、成花中均有表达,但不同基因的表达存在组织差异性。同时,PRC2成员响应不同的环境和病害胁迫:DcCLF受低温、高温和脱水等各种环境胁迫的显著诱导;DcMSI1和DcEMF2在齐整小核菌侵染下表达明显上调,而DcSWN在灰葡萄孢霉菌侵染下受诱导程度最大。铁皮石斛PRC2复合体在生长发育和胁迫应答中发挥重要作用,可为分子辅助育种提供关键靶标基因。     

Ss-Bi1 encodes a putative BAX inhibitor-1 protein that is required for full virulence of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a destructive necrotrophic plant pathogen with global distribution. Although S. sclerotiorum has been studied extensively, substantial research on aspects of the pathogen's ability to cause disease is still needed. Bax inhibitor-1 protein functions as a suppressor of programmed cell death and is involved in the response to biotic and abiotic stress in animals, plants and yeast. In this study, we functionally characterized a putative Bax inhibitor-1 protein, Ss-Bi1, from S. sclerotiorum. Ss-Bi1 is predicted to contain a BAX inhibitor-1-like super family domain and shows significant homology with many BAX inhibitor-1 proteins. High expression levels of Ss-Bi1 were observed in hyphae under various stresses. Targeted silencing of Ss-Bi1 resulted in reduced virulence in host plants. Ss-Bi1 gene-silenced strains were more sensitive to heat stress and ER stress than the wild-type strain. The results suggest that Ss-Bi1 encodes a putative BAX inhibitor-1 protein that is required for full virulence of S. sclerotiorum.     

Genes for resistance to powdery mildew in European barley cultivars registered in the Czech Republic from 2011 to 2015

Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is cultivated on 49.1 million hectares worldwide with 50.2% of the area located in Europe. Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh), occurs wherever barley is grown. Cultivar resistance plays an important role in global barley production, especially in parts of Europe where high concentrations of both spring and winter types are grown. The aim of this report was to postulate specific resistance genes in barleys from nine European countries registered in the Czech Republic from 2011 to 2015. Thirty‐five spring cultivars and 27 winter barleys were tested with 56 diverse Bgh isolates. Twenty‐five known resistance genes were postulated, and unknown genes were detected in Sandra, Saturn and Zeppelin. Unidentified specific resistance genes were also present in winter hybrids Hobbit and Wootan. Spring cultivars Arthur and Francin consisted of three and two genotypes, respectively. Resistance gene mlo was present in 26 spring cultivars, and the proportion of cultivars with this gene increased from 62.9% in 2006–2010 to 75.7% in 2011–2015. The gene Mlp1 was identified for the first time in German winter cultivar Saturn. Five spring cultivars registered in Slovakia were included in the tests. All the cultivars that were tested contained one or more specific resistance genes to powdery mildew. Adaptability of the pathogen and possibilities for breeding winter barleys are discussed.     

不同磷水平柱花草磷效率及根构型研究

为研究不同磷水平下柱花草磷效率的基因型差异及其与根构型的关系，利用盆栽试验，以磷低效、磷高效、磷敏感3种基因型柱花草品种为材料，研究0、0020、0035、0050、0075、0100、0200 g·kg-1共7个磷水平下，不同基因型柱花草的磷营养特性；并进一步比较两个代表性基因型（磷低效、磷高效）柱花草在对照(0 g·kg-1)、缺磷(0010 g·kg-1)、正常磷（0025 g·kg-1）处理下苗期根系生长状况，从而确定根构型与磷效率的关系。结果表明：不同基因型植株的磷含量、吸磷量随磷浓度的增加而增加，磷利用效率对磷浓度的反应趋势则相反。在不同磷处理下，磷高效基因型的磷利用效率均较高，且随着磷浓度的增加不同基因型品种磷利用效率的变化趋势度表现为：磷高效＜磷低效＜磷敏感。随着磷胁迫的加重，磷高效和磷低效基因型的侧根数、主根长、根体积、根表面积和根活跃吸收面积均增加，根直径减小。磷高效基因型柱花草根体积显著高于磷低效基因型，且在其他根构型指标上优于磷低效基因型。磷高效基因型品种较耐低磷，柱花草根系形态的改变是其适应低磷胁迫的重要机制。研究为柱花草的优质栽培提供理论依据。     

基于响应面法和NSGA-II算法的麦弗逊悬架优化

应用响应面法和经过改进的非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-II)进行悬架结构参数优化.在ADAMS/Insight软件中进行设计参数的灵敏度分析，针对灵敏度较大的设计参数，建立车轮定位参数在车轮跳动过程中最大变化量的2阶响应面近似数学模型对该模型进行稳定性分析，并且应用加入精英保持策略和去除重复个体算法的NSGA-II优化算法对多目标响应面模型进行优化求解.优化结果表明该方法具有较高的精确性与有效性.     

超声波辅助溶剂法提取金线莲总黄酮工艺优化

旨在研究金线莲总黄酮的最佳提取工艺条件。采用超声波辅助溶剂法,在单因素实验的基础上,采用响应面法优化了金线莲总黄酮的提取工艺。结果表明:当金线莲颗粒度为100目、乙醇体积分数为40%、料液比为1:40(mg:m L)、超声波功率为250 W、超声波时间为30 min时,所得金线莲总黄酮提取率为2.13%。超声波辅助溶剂法强化了金线莲总黄酮的提取效果。     

The optimal nutrition of maize in the hungarian national long‐term field experimental network

In Hungary, maize is grown on 1 million ha and occupies more than 20% of the arable land. The rich assortment of maize cultivars of different vegetation periods and different responses to nutritional effects, water supply etc. gives the growers the possibility to choose the cultivars suiting best the site characteristics (Jolânkai et al. 1999). Among the cereals maize has the highest genetical potential. To utilize its yield and quality potential, soil types of high nutrient content and regular nutrient supply are required (Gyõrffy, 1979). Both over‐ and under‐fertilization have an unfavourable effect on the yield and quality of maize (Debreczeni, 1985). Crops can be supplied with the appropriate nutrient amounts only with the knowledge of soil characteristics in the different agro‐ecological regions (nutrient content, water supply, soil compactness, pH, nutrient supplying capacity etc.). In Hungary, a network of long‐term field fertilization trials with uniform fertilizer treatments has been maintained at nine experimental sites representing different agro‐ecological regions of the country. This experimental network gives a basis to test the nutrient responses of our main crops and calibrate their optimal nutrient supply (Kismányoky, 1991).     

线粒体DNA在先天性免疫中的作用

线粒体是细胞内重要的细胞器,具有多种功能,是细胞的能量工厂。线粒体含有自己的遗传物质线粒体DNA,线粒体DNA因其在氧化磷酸化中的作用而广为人知。近年来,越来越多的研究表明线粒体DNA可作为先天性免疫系统的激动剂,并在病原体感染和炎性疾病的病理发展中起重要作用。线粒体DNA在进入细胞质或细胞外环境后,可以激活多种先天性免疫系统的模式识别受体,从而触发促炎细胞因子分泌和Ⅰ型干扰素反应。因此,本文就线粒体DNA激活先天性免疫的机制以及其在病原体感染和相关疾病发生发展中的作用进行讨论、总结,以期为进一步深入开展线粒体DNA在病原体感染及相关疾病中的作用及其机制研究提供理论依据。     

BCG诱导RAW264.7细胞脂肪酸氧化对细胞自噬和促炎因子表达的调控作用

旨在探究脂肪酸氧化（fatty acid oxidation,FAO）对BCG介导的RAW264.7细胞自噬和促炎因子表达的调控作用。用BODIPY染色和游离脂肪酸定量试剂盒检测BCG感染后RAW264.7细胞中脂滴聚集情况以及脂肪酸含量;Western blot检测BCG感染对肉毒碱棕榈酰基转移酶1A （CPT-1A）表达的影响;Etomoxir （100 μmol·L^-1）预处理细胞2 h后,BCG感染细胞6 h,检测RAW264.7细胞中BCG存留量,并用Western blot方法检测自噬相关蛋白（Beclin1、LC3-II）和溶酶体蛋白（Rab7）的表达情况;用免疫荧光方法和mRFP-GFP-LC3荧光双标腺病毒分别检测自噬小体聚集和自噬流;荧光定量PCR和ELISA分别检测促炎因子IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α mRNA表达情况以及在细胞培养上清中的含量。结果显示,BCG感染促进RAW264.7细胞中脂滴聚集和CPT-1A的表达,而游离脂肪酸含量降低;Etomoxir预处理抑制了细胞中BCG存活,并上调了Beclin1、LC3-II和Rab7表达,且细胞中出现大量自噬小体聚集,自噬流增强,却抑制了促炎因子IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α mRNA表达与分泌。综上表明,抑制FAO可促进BCG感染诱导的RAW264.7细胞自噬,并抑制BCG感染引起的炎症反应。     

Single oral β-cryptoxanthin administration increases its serum concentration and enhances peripheral blood neutrophil function in Holstein cattle

We investigated the effect of oral administration of β-cryptoxanthin (β-CRX) on its serum concentration and peripheral neutrophil functions by the chemiluminescence (CL) response in Holstein cattle. A single oral administration of β-CRX was performed for serum β-CRX concentration (0, 0.05, 0.1, or 0.2 mg/kg body weight [BW]) and for peak CL response of peripheral neutrophils (0.2 mg/kg BW). The serum β-CRX concentration was peaked on 2 days after, similar to peak CL response on 3 days after β-CRX administration. Therefore, a single oral administration of β-CRX (0.2 mg/kg BW) induces higher serum concentration and concurrently enhances bactericidal ability of peripheral neutrophils in Holstein cattle.